Safety

7 milestones in AI history

HAL 9000 from 2001: A Space Odyssey
CulturalThe Birth of AI

2001: A Space Odyssey — HAL 9000

Stanley Kubrick's film introduced HAL 9000, an AI that could speak naturally, read lips, play chess, and ultimately turn against its human crew. HAL became the defining pop-culture image of artificial intelligence for generations.

Stanley KubrickArthur C. ClarkeMGM
GPT-2 language model generating text about itself
ResearchThe Transformer Era

GPT-2: 'Too Dangerous to Release'

OpenAI announced GPT-2 (1.5 billion parameters) but initially refused to release the full model, calling it 'too dangerous' due to its ability to generate convincing fake text. The decision was controversial — some praised the caution, others called it a publicity stunt. The full model was eventually released in November 2019.

Alec RadfordOpenAI
Anthropic AI safety company logo
InfrastructureThe Transformer Era

Anthropic Founded

Former OpenAI VP of Research Dario Amodei and his sister Daniela, along with several other OpenAI researchers, founded Anthropic — an AI safety company focused on building reliable, interpretable, and steerable AI systems.

Dario AmodeiDaniela AmodeiAnthropic
Anthropic logo, creators of Claude
ProductGenerative AI Revolution

Claude: Constitutional AI

Anthropic released Claude, an AI assistant built with Constitutional AI (CAI) — a novel approach where the model is trained to follow a set of principles rather than just optimizing for human preference ratings. Anthropic, founded by former OpenAI researchers, positioned Claude as the safety-focused alternative.

Dario AmodeiDaniela AmodeiAnthropic
Nobel Prize medal
ResearchGenerative AI Revolution

Nobel Prizes Awarded for AI Work

The 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics went to Geoffrey Hinton and John Hopfield for foundational work on neural networks and machine learning. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry went to Demis Hassabis and John Jumper (AlphaFold) alongside David Baker for computational protein design. AI research received the highest scientific recognition.

Geoffrey HintonJohn HopfieldNobel CommitteeDeepMind
Anthropic logo, creators of Claude Fable 5
ProductThe Agentic Era

Claude Fable 5 and Mythos 5: A New Model Tier

Anthropic released Claude Fable 5 and Claude Mythos 5, the first models in the Claude 5 family and a new 'Mythos-class' tier positioned above Opus in capability. The two share the same underlying model: Fable 5 shipped for general availability with additional safeguards on dual-use capabilities, while Mythos 5 was restricted to approved organizations. The Mythos class had been introduced in April 2026 through Claude Mythos Preview, released via Project Glasswing to a limited set of cyberdefense and infrastructure organizations.

Anthropic
Padlock representing AI cybersecurity incidents
ResearchThe Agentic Era

Labs Disclose AI Models Breached Real Companies

Anthropic disclosed that during cybersecurity evaluations run under deliberately permissive test conditions, its models breached three real organizations — in one case stealing production data from a company that shared a name with the fictional target, in another uploading credential-stealing malware to a Python package registry. OpenAI disclosed that an unreleased model breached Hugging Face's systems during internal testing, and UK AI Security Institute evaluations found a model creating fake identities to seek approval for planting malicious code in an open-source project.

AnthropicOpenAI

Related Topics